Journal of World’s Poultry Science (JWPS) is an international peer-reviewed open-access journal that publishes original research reports, case reports, and reviews on poultry science. The JWPS is currently dedicated to quarterly publishing articles in the subject areas of the poultry industry, husbandry and management, environment and welfare, exotic and wild birds, biochemistry and cellular biology, management of layer, broiler, breeder and quail, nutrition and feeding, physiology, genetics, reproduction and hatching, technology, processing and food safety, behavior, environment and welfare, pharmacology, hematology, oncology, molecular biology, poultry diseases, pathology, radiology, pharmacology, zoonoses diseases, diet formula, performance, carcass traits, survival, and probiotics. The DOI prefix code of the journal is 10.58803/jwps. Journal Name: Journal of World’s Poultry Science Journal initials: JWPS Journal Abbreviation: J. World's Poult. Sci. ISSN: 2980-7999 Publisher: Rovedar DOI Prefix: 10.58803/JWPS Frequency: Quarterly ------------------------------------------------ Journal Statistics Average time to preliminary assessment: 9 days Average time to review: 28 days Average time to publish: 39 days Submissions: 19 Accepted articles: 10 Acceptance rate: 52% Accepted Articles Published for Free: 70%
Nutritional Intervention: Impacts on Gut Microbiome, Health, and Productivity of Laying Hens
Modulating the gut microbiome is critical for maintaining the health and productivity of laying hens. Nutritional interventions are essential for preserving gut integrity under the pressures of high egg production and alternative housing systems. The present study aimed to provide a comprehensive synthesis of current knowledge on the relationship between nutritional strategies and gut microbiome modulation and productivity in laying hens. A systematic literature search of PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect (2015-2026) retrieved 108 studies that met the eligibility criteria for qualitative analysis. The inclusion of probiotics, prebiotics, organic acids, exogenous enzymes, vitamins, minerals, and amino acids in laying hen diets was associated with improved microbial balance, intestinal function, immune status, and nutrient utilization, resulting in greater egg production and egg quality. These nutritional approaches provided sustainable alternatives to antibiotic growth promoters, supporting resilient egg production systems by improving gut health and maintaining productive performance in laying hens. Productive performance, short‑chain fatty acid production, and reduced pathogenic colonization in laying hens were all positively influenced by nutritional interventions that effectively modulate the gut microbiome.
Copyright (c) 2026 Journal of World’s Poultry Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Microscopy and Molecular Detection of Haemoparasites in Birds in Ibadan, Nigeria
Introduction: Avian haemoparasites pose significant threats to poultry health and productivity. While microscopy is traditionally used for parasite identification, molecular methods, such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR), offer enhanced sensitivity and specificity. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of haemoparasites in poultry species in Ibadan, Nigeria, and to compare the diagnostic performance of microscopy and nested PCR for detection and identification. Materials and methods: Blood samples were obtained from 390 healthy birds, including commercial layers chickens (153), turkeys (75), broiler chickens (69), local chickens (60), pigeons (30), and ducks (3), randomly selected from 10 farms in Ibadan, Nigeria. Thin blood smears were Giemsa-stained and examined microscopically. Genomic DNA was extracted and subjected to nested PCR targeting the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of haemosporidian parasites. Positive amplicons were sequenced and phylogenetically analyzed. Results: The haemoparasites were microscopically detected in 44.6% (174/390) of samples, including Plasmodium (P.) spp. (18.2%), Haemoproteus spp. (15.9%), Leucocytozoon spp. (5.6%), Babesia spp. (2.8%), and microfilariae (2.1%). The PCR detected infections in 53.3% (208/390), confirming P. gallinaceum (12.3%), Haemoproteus spp. (19%), Leucocytozoon spp. (9%), Babesia spp. (3.3%), and additional unidentified haemosporidian lineages (8.7%). The PCR demonstrated significantly greater sensitivity than microscopic analysis. Infections were more prevalent among females (60.3%), adult birds (55.2%), and during the rainy season (54%). Sequencing confirmed the presence of P. gallinaceum as the most prevalent pathogen (97.87-97.94%). Phylogenetic analysis supported the molecular identification and revealed evolutionary relationships among detected lineages. Conclusion: The present study confirmed a high prevalence of haemoparasites in poultry in Ibadan, Nigeria, and underscored the superior sensitivity of PCR over microscopy for detection. The integration of molecular and morphological approaches enhanced diagnostic accuracy and provided deeper insights into parasite diversity and epidemiology.
Impacts of Phase Feeding Schedules on Performance and Economic Efficiency in Broiler Chickens
Introduction: Family and small-scale poultry farms play important roles in livelihoods in Nigeria. Optimizing phase-feeding transitions could prevent growth loss or unnecessary feed expenses, enhance growth performance, reduce costs, and improve overall profitability. The present study aimed to identify the most effective timing of phase-feeding by evaluating key growth performance indicators alongside economic returns in broiler chickens. Materials and methods: A total of 160-day-old Abor Acre broiler chickens were divided into five groups, each with four replicates of eight chickens, based on weight equalization ranging from 38.56 to 39.13 grams. The control group had the starter phase of 0-28 days and finisher of 29-42 days (T1), the second group had a starter phase of 0-7 days and finisher of 8-42 days (T2). The third group included a starter phase of 0-14 days and a finisher of 15-42 days (T3). The fourth group had a starter phase of 0-8 days, a grower of 9-21 days, and a finisher of 22-42 days (T4), and the fifth group included a starter phase of 0-10 days, a grower of 11-24 days, and a finisher of 25-42 days (T5), arranged in a completely randomized design. The nutrient composition of the diets was determined for groups. Final body weight and economic metrics, such as total revenue, net income, and estimated profit, were derived from growth parameters and feed costs over 42 days. Results: The current results indicated that chickens in T4 had significantly higher final body weight (1915.34 ± 169.40 grams) and weight gain (1876.24 ± 169.34 grams) compared to other groups. Feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and feed cost per kilogram of body weight gain did not differ significantly across the groups. However, T4 resulted in the lowest feed cost per kg gain (711.42 ± 58.77 ₦ = 0.576 USD). Additionally, chickens in T4 achieved higher total revenue at 4224.00 ₦ (3.4201 USD), net income at 1611.44 ₦ (1.30477 USD), and significantly higher estimated profit (38.15%) compared to those in T1 and T3. Conclusion: The present study indicated that starter duration of 8-10 days can significantly enhance both growth performance and economic outcomes in broiler chickens.
Copyright (c) 2025 Journal of World’s Poultry Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Graded Levels of Cyperus Alternifolius Rhizome Powder on Feed Digestibility, Growth Performance, Intestinal Microbial Flora, Serum Metabolites, and Immune Responses in Broiler Chickens
Introduction: The use of antibiotics as growth promoters in animal husbandry has been banned due to concerns that antibiotic residues can accumulate in animal tissues and lead to bacterial resistance. The present study aimed to explore the effects of varying amounts of Cyperus alternifolius (C. alternifolius) rhizome powder on feed digestibility, growth performance, intestinal microbial flora, hemato-biochemical parameters, and immune responses in broiler chickens as an alternative to antibiotics. Materials and methods: An experiment was conducted at the Application and Research Farm of the University of Dschang (Cameroon) over 49 days. A total of 512 day-old broiler chickens, including 256 males and 256 females, were randomly assigned to eight treatment groups, with four replicates of 16 chickens each, with equal numbers from both sexes. The treatment groups included a negative control group which administered a basal diet without additive (NC), a basal diet containing 1 g of doxycycline/kg of feed as the positive control group (PC), and six diets containing the powder of C. alternifolius rhizome as a phyto-additive, at the dose of 1 g of C. alternifolius/kg of feed (T1), 2 g (T2), 4 g (T4), 6 g (T6), 8 g (T8) and 10 g (T10). The growth performance, carcass characteristics, microbial flora, feed digestibility, the immune system, and hematological and biochemical parameters were evaluated. Results: Live weight and weight gain increased by approximately 7.02% and 7.11%, respectively, in T4 compared with NC during the finisher phase. Feed conversion ratio was significantly reduced in T4 by approximately 11.05% compared to NC, but it was comparable to that of PC, T6, and T8. The number of lactobacilli and crude protein digestibility increased significantly in all treatment groups compared to NC. Furthermore, in T4, the number of Escherichia coli significantly decreased by 40.9% compared to NC, T1, T8, and T10. Besides the notable increase in total protein level in T4 compared with other groups, the hemato-biochemical parameters of the chickens showed no significant differences across groups. Conclusion: Cyperus alternifolius at a dose of 4 g/kg of feed demonstrated potential as an alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics, with diminished adverse effects on broiler chicken health.
Effects of Cold Aqueous Jatropha tanjorensis Leaf Extract on Nutrient Digestibility and Blood Lipid Profile of Broiler Chicken
Introduction: Herbal feed additives in broiler chickens revealed their effects on growth performance and potential as an antibiotic alternative. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of cold aqueous Jatropha tanjorensis (J. tanjorensis) leaf extract on nutrient digestibility and lipid profile in broiler chickens reared in Ekpoma, Edo State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: A total of 150 male Anak 2000, one-day-old broiler chickens, weighing 37 grams, were assigned to five treatments in a completely randomized design, with three replicates of ten chickens in each replicate. All chickens were provided with basal starter and finisher diets for eight weeks. The control group (T1) received Doxygen at a dosage of 150 g/200 L of water. The second group (T2) was administered 25 mL of cold aqueous leaf extract of J. tanjorensis (CALEJ) in 100 L of drinking water, while the third group (T3) received 50 mL of CALEJ/100 L of drinking water. The fourth group (T4) was given 75 mL of CALEJ/100 L of water, and the fifth group (T5) received 100 mL of CALEJ/100 L of water. Daily fecal samples were pooled and analyzed for apparent digestibility, while fresh blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment and analyzed for lipid profile. The present study lasted for 10 weeks. Results: During the starter and finisher phases, T4 exhibited higher dry matter digestibility, whereas T5 demonstrated higher values in crude protein and fiber digestibility compared to the other treatment groups. Group T2 had the highest ether extract and nitrogen-free extract digestibility, while T3 exhibited the highest ash digestibility at the starter and finisher phases. Lipid profile evaluation revealed the lowest levels of cholesterol in T2, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) in T3, and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and triglycerides in T4. Additionally, T4 exhibited the highest levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). Conclusion: The administration of 25-100 ml/L of CALEJ substantially enhanced nutrient digestibility and lipid profiles in broiler chickens, resulting in reductions of total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, and VLDL, whilst elevating HDL levels.
Effects of Fenugreek (Trigonella Foenum-Graecum) Seed Meal on Growth Performance, Haematological Indices, Lipid Profile, Liver Functions, and Immunological Response in Broiler Chickens
Introduction: Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) seed meal is rich in bioactive phytochemicals that can enhance growth and health. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of graded dietary levels of fenugreek seed meal on growth performance, carcass traits, haematology parameters, lipid profile, liver function, and thyroid hormones in broiler chickens. Materials and methods: A total of 256 day-old broiler chickens were divided into four dietary treatments, replicated four times with 16 chickens per replicate. The groups included the control diet (T1), diet containing 100 g/kg of fenugreek seed meal (T2), 200 g/kg of fenugreek seed meal (T3), and 300 g/kg of fenugreek seed meal (T4). The study lasted 49 days, and at the end of the study, growth performance, carcass traits, and haematological parameters were measured. Serum lipid profile, including total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and liver enzymes, including alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine transaminase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST), were analysed. Thyroid hormones, including thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3), and thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Fenugreek supplementation significantly improved final body weight, weight gain, and feed conversion ratio in T3 and T4 compared to the control group. Carcass weight and defeathered weight in supplemented groups increased compared to the control group. Haematological analysis revealed the highest haemoglobin and red blood cell (RBC) counts in T2, while T3 exhibited the lowest RBC and the highest neutrophil count. Lipid profile evaluation indicated reduced levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and LDL, with elevated HDL in Fenugreek-supplemented groups compared to the control group. Liver function profile demonstrated decreased levels of ALP and ALT across all groups, with the lowest values observed in T4. There were no significant effects on AST among all groups. The free T3 levels were significantly increased in T3 and T4, while free T4 and TSH levels indicated no significant differences compared to the control group. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of 200-300 g/kg fenugreek seed meal effectively improved growth performance, carcass yield, haematological parameters, lipid metabolism, liver enzyme profile, and T3 levels in broiler chickens, highlighting its potential as a functional phytogenic feed additive in poultry production.
Evolutionary and Functional Integration of LCORL-NCAPG Locus with Myostatin Pathway in Broiler Chickens
Introduction: The remarkable growth performance of modern broiler chickens, particularly commercial breeds such as Ross 308 and Cobb 500, has been achieved through decades of intensive genetic selection in countries such as the United States and China. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying this enhanced growth phenotype remain incompletely understood. The present study aimed to evaluate genomic analysis of the LCORL-NCAPG locus in broiler chickens, Ross 308 and Cobb 500, to identify genetic variants, characterize regulatory elements, and investigate potential interactions with the Myostatin (MSTN) pathway. Materials and methods: A comparative genomic analysis of the LCORL-NCAPG locus, located on chromosome 4, a region associated with body size and growth traits across multiple species, was conducted. Using in silico approaches, including sequence analysis, motif prediction, evolutionary conservation profiling, and interaction network construction, genomic sequences from several commercial broiler lines and ancestral populations were analyzed. Genetic variants were identified and annotated using reference genome data (GRCg7b), and regulatory elements were predicted using motif-based scanning and CpG island detection. Functional interactions were explored through network analysis involving components of the MSTN pathway. Results: Broiler-specific variants in the LCORL-NCAPG locus, particularly in exonic and intergenic regions, were identified with signs of positive selection in broiler chicken lines, including higher alternative allele frequencies and conservation of non-coding regulatory elements. Notably, potential novel interactions between the transcription factor LCORL and MSTN were discovered, with LCORL exhibiting predicted interactions with SMAD3 and FOXO1, suggesting a central role in modulating muscle development through the MSTN signaling axis. These findings offered mechanistic insights into how growth-regulatory genes may be co-regulated in muscle tissue. Conclusion: These results improved the understanding of the genetic architecture of growth traits in commercial broiler chickens, highlighting the functional role of the LCORL-NCAPG locus and its interaction with the MSTN pathway. The present findings provided a strong foundation for future functional studies and potential targets for marker-assisted selection programs aimed at optimizing growth performance.
Novel Genes and Genetic Variants Associated with Production Traits in Australorp Chickens
Introduction: The Australorp chicken, known for its exceptional egg production and adaptability, is a valuable genetic resource for the poultry industry. However, the molecular basis underlying their distinctive traits remains poorly understood. The present study aimed to identify novel genes and genetic variants associated with key production traits in Australorp chickens by performing a comprehensive comparative genomic analysis combined with an in silico genome-wide association study (GWAS). Materials and methods: Whole-genome sequencing data from 12 Australorp chickens were compared with data from four other breeds, including ten Rhode Island Red, eight Leghorn, ten Plymouth Rock, and six Red Jungle Fowl. Quality control and preprocessing were applied to ensure high-quality genomic data for downstream analyses. Comparative genomic analysis revealed several breed-specific genetic variants in Australorp chickens, affecting 50 genes functionally involved in metabolic and reproductive pathways, and 30 genes with reduced or altered functional annotations compared to other breeds. Principal component analysis revealed clear genetic differentiation among Australorp chickens, confirming their distinct genetic structure. Results: In silico GWAS identified significant associations between novel candidate genes (GENE 42, GENE 89) and key production traits, including egg production, egg weight, and disease resistance. Functional annotation revealed that these genes, identified in Australorp chickens (Gallus gallus), are mainly involved in metabolic processes, immune response, and reproductive pathways. Notably, several previously unreported genes were discovered that may contribute to the Australorp's superior egg-laying ability and disease resistance in chickens. Conclusion: The present findings offered new insights into the genetic basis of economically important traits in poultry and laid a foundation for marker-assisted selection in breeding programs. The novel genes identified in the present study served as potential targets for improving production traits in commercial chicken breeds and helped advance understanding of avian genomics and evolution.
Comparative Genomic Analysis on Novel Genes Associated with Egg Production and Disease Resistance in Layer Hens
Introduction: Poultry layer breeds have undergone extensive selection for egg production traits, yet the genetic basis of many economically important characteristics remains incompletely understood. In the present study, a comprehensive comparative genomic analysis of multiple commercial and indigenous poultry layer breeds was conducted to identify novel genes associated with egg production and disease resistance, such as viral and bacterial infections, particularly through innate immune pathways. Materials and methods: A comprehensive comparative genomic analysis was conducted using whole-genome sequencing data from 135 individuals, including 30 commercial layers (White leghorn and Rhode Island red), 90 indigenous chickens from six local breeds, and 15 red jungle fowl representing the ancestral population. Using fixation index scans, haplotype-based selection analysis, and Tajima’s D, genomic regions under positive selection were identified. By integrating gene prediction tools and protein function analysis, 12 novel genes in layer breeds with strong selection signals and potential roles in egg production and immune response were identified. Results: In silico functional analysis, utilizing protein domain annotation, structural modeling, and pathway enrichment, suggested that these novel genes are involved in eggshell formation, egg production, immune response, and metabolic regulation. Notably, GALLUS-NOVEL-3, a previously uncharacterized gene with high predicted oviduct expression and strong selection signatures in commercial layers, may play a role in calcium transport and eggshell mineralization. Protein structure prediction and domain analysis further supported the potential functionality of these novel genes, revealing conserved features linked to reproductive physiology and immune defense. Conclusion: The present findings provided new insight into the genetic basis of economically important traits in layer chickens and highlight promising targets for breeding programs aimed at improving egg production and disease resistance.
Responses of Grower Turkeys Exposed to Different Graded Levels of Protein and Amino Acids
Introduction: Performance characteristics, carcass yields, organ proportions, and economic aspects of production are statistical indicators that can be utilized to assess the protein and amino acid ratios responsible for reducing ammonia emissions in turkey waste, while simultaneously optimizing yield outcomes at the lowest feasible costs. The present study aimed to accurately identify the optimal combination of crude protein (CP) and amino acids to enhance performance and carcass yield, reduce production costs, and minimize ammonia excretion. Materials and methods: A total of 360 grower turkeys were randomly assigned to a completely randomized design. In the present study, each treatment group consisted of four sub-replicate groups, each containing ten poults per replicate. The local turkeys were assigned to nine different treatment diets, including T1 with 22% CP, 0.1% methionine, and 0.2% lysine, T2 with 22% CP, 0.2% methionine, and 0.4% lysine, T3 with 22% CP, 0.3% methionine, and 0.6% lysine, T4 with 20% CP, 0.1% methionine, and 0.2% lysine, T5 with 20% CP, 0.2% methionine, and 0.4% lysine, T6 with 20% CP, 0.3% methionine, and 0.6% lysine, T7 with 18% CP, 0.1% methionine, and 0.2% lysine, T8 with 18% CP, 0.2% methionine, and 0.4% lysine, and T9 with 18% CP, 0.3% methionine, and 0.6% lysine. Results: The current findings indicated that the final weight and weight gain in Group T3 were significantly higher than those of the turkeys fed other treatment groups. Turkeys in Group T3 had the best feed conversion ratio, indicating that they utilized diet 3 more effectively for weight gain compared to the other diets. The carcass weight of T3 was significantly higher than that of the other groups, while turkeys in group T7 had a better dress percentage. Carcass protein was significantly higher in T9, while energy content was significantly higher in T3 and T6 compared to other treatments. Group T3 exhibited significantly higher revenue and gross margin compared to all other treatment groups. Conclusion: The levels of amino acids and proteins used in the present study improved growth parameters, carcass characteristics, and organ proportions of turkeys.
Growth Performance and Carcass Traits of Broiler Chicken Fed on Diets Containing Rumen Filtrate Fermented by Cassava Meal
Introduction: Maize serves as a primary energy source in poultry diets; however, rising human demands are reducing its sustainable usage, which has led to the search for more affordable alternatives such as cassava root meal. The present study evaluated key performance indicators, including feed intake, body weight gain (BWG), feed conversion ratio (FCR), dressing percentage, and carcass traits, in broiler chickens fed a diet of rumen filtrate-fermented cassava meal. Materials and methods: A total of 96 Ross 306 one-day-old broiler chickens of mixed sex, and an average weight of 45 ± 5 g, were fed in a 42-day experimental trial at the Tatoon farm of Egerton University, Nakuru, Kenya. The chickens were fed four diets with different inclusion levels of rumen-filtrate-fermented cassava root meal (RFFCM) as a replacement for maize. The control diet contained 0% RFFCM (T1), T2 contained 15% RFFCM, T3 contained 30% RFFCM, and T4 contained 45% RFFCM. Data on daily feed intake and weekly BWG were recorded during the experimental duration. At the end of the study, during the growing phase, data on live weight, carcass weight, and weights of the breast, thigh, wing, and dorsum were determined. Results: The current findings revealed that a high inclusion of RFFCM significantly reduced feed intake without substantially altering the FCR, BWG, and average daily weight gain of the chickens per treatment compared to the control group. The present findings indicated a similarity in nutrient utilization and performance among broilers fed on the four treatments. Broilers fed on diets with 45% RFFCM inclusion exhibited the highest mean live weight (2151.75 g) and carcass weight (1524.75 g), with higher thigh and breast weights compared to the control group. Conclusion: These findings indicated that RFFCM can be included in broiler diets up to 45% without detrimental effects on BWG, FCR, dressing percentage, and quality of the chicken carcass.
Effects of Heavy Metal Contamination on Blood Parameters, Egg Quality, and Histopathology of Layer Chickens influenced by Crude Oil Exploration
Introduction: Petrochemical pollution from oil spills, gas flaring, and effluents containing heavy metals is prevalent in the oil-producing regions of Delta State, Nigeria, posing systemic health risks to humans and animals. The present study assessed the effects of crude oil exploration on laying chickens across 21 poultry farms in seven zones of Delta State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: Blood, egg, and tissue samples (liver and kidney) from 105 layers, comprising 15 chickens from each zone (Aniocha, Ijaw, Ika, Isoko, Itsekiri, Ukwani, and Urhobo), were analyzed for hematological, biochemical, and histological parameters. Results: The current findings revealed that packed cell volume (PCV) was significantly higher in Urhobo (45.56%) and Ijaw (39.22%) compared to the normal range of PCV. Hemoglobin levels ranged from 12.77 g/dL (Aniocha) to 15.46 g/dL (Ijaw), while white blood cell counts varied from 6.37 µL (Aniocha) to 8.40 µL (Urhobo). Red blood cell counts were significantly lower than the normal range from 4.01 µL (Isoko) to 5.10 µL (Urhobo). Serum albumin levels peaked in Urhobo (5.27 g/dL), whereas lower values were observed in Isoko and Ijaw farms. Alanine aminotransferase was elevated in Urhobo (43.83 IU/L), Itsekiri (38.72 IU/L), and Ukwani (44.51 IU/L), exceeding physiological norms. Cadmium concentrations exceeded permissible limits across all zones, with the highest level in Urhobo (21.032 ppm). The current findings highlighted the presence of environmental toxicity associated with oil-related pollution, signifying disruptions in blood chemistry, egg quality, and organ function in poultry. Conclusion: Elevated levels of hematological and biochemical parameters beyond physiological norms pose a threat to animal health, compromise food safety, and endanger public health, underscoring the critical need for environmental monitoring and remediation in Delta State, Nigeria.
Carcass Yield and Internal Organs Weight of Finishing Broiler Chickens Fed Ash-treated African Locust Bean (Parkia biglobosa) Hull-Based Diets
Introduction: Carcass yield and meat cuts are traits of meat quality that determine consumers’ preferences. The present study investigated the effects of feeding ash-treated African locust bean hull meal partially replacing palm kernel meal on broiler chicken carcass and gut organs. Materials and methods: One hundred and twenty Arbor Acre broiler chickens were randomly distributed on an equal weight basis into three groups of 40 broilers each, and each group was replicated four times with 10 chickens per replicate in a completely randomized design. Each group was assigned to three experimental diets in which Ash-treated African locust bean pulp replaced palm kernel cake at 0 % (T1, Control), 25% (T2), and 50% (T3). At the end of the feeding trial, which lasted for 42 days, a chicken each was randomly selected per replicate per treatment group (twelve in total), and final live weight, final feed intake, and feed conversion ratio were measured before slaughtering. Results: Carcass primal cuts (back, drumstick, breast, thigh, and wings) and gut weights (crop, gizzard, heart, liver, proventriculus and small intestine) of the broiler chickens were not significantly influenced by the experimental diets except dressed percent, carcass weight and live weight which were statistically higher in control (T1) and T2 diets while, chickens on T3 diets recorded least value. Conclusion: In conclusion, ash-treated African locust bean hull meal can replace palm kernel cake meal up to 25% in broiler chicken diets without a detrimental effect on carcass characteristics.
Identification of the Myostatin Gene (MSTN/HAEIII) Exon-3 Polymorphism in Pitalah Ducks in West Sumatra, Indonesia
Introduction: Pitalah ducks are one of Indonesia's local genetic resources that can be utilized to develop quality livestock products. The present study aimed to identify the diversity of the Myostatin gene (MSTN/HaeIII) exon-3 in Pitalah ducks, a local duck breed from West Sumatra, Indonesia. Materials and methods: The present study utilized 40 samples of DNA from the blood of Pitalah ducks (11 males and 29 females, with an average body weight of 1,450 g and an average age of 12 months) that were intensively reared at the Andalas University animal husbandry unit in Indonesia. DNA from blood samples was isolated using the genomic DNA Extraction Kit. Polymerase Chain Reaction-Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) was used as the method. The isolated DNA was then amplified using a primer that produced a 438 bp fragment of the MSTN gene. The amplification product was restricted using the HaeIII enzyme, which recognizes the cutting site at GG↓CC. Results: Based on the findings of 40 samples, 65% of homozygous truncated genotypes (+/+), 35% heterozygous genotypes (+/-), and no homozygous untruncated genotypes (-/-) were found. Based on the current results, two genotypes were identified. The current findings indicated genetic diversity, as the frequency of each allele exceeds 1%. The allele frequency (+) was 0.825, the allele (-) was 0.175, and the observed heterozygosity was greater than the expected heterozygosity. Conclusion: The allele frequency of the MSTN/HaeIII exon-3 gene in Pitalah ducks is polymorphic (diverse) within the Pitalah duck population. Genotype frequencies of the MSTN/HaeIII exon-3 gene are in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Assessing Levels of Heavy Metals in Broiler Chickens Reared in Crude Oil Exploration Areas of Delta State, Nigeria
Introduction: Heavy metals (HM) commonly contaminate water, food materials, and the environment in industrial and oil exploration areas, exposing humans and animals to health risks. The present study aimed to assess the levels of HM, such as Cadmium (Cd), Iron (Fe), Nickel (Ni), Vanadium (V), and Mercury (Hg), in the meat of broiler chickens raised in areas impacted by crude oil exploration in Delta State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: A total of 75 broiler chickens of mixed sex and breed were randomly selected from 15 intensively managed poultry farms. Three farms were chosen from each of the five zones, including Urhobo, Isoko, Ijaw, Itsekiri, and Ukwani, with five chickens selected from each farm. Blood samples were taken from the chickens for haematological and serum biochemical analysis. The concentration of heavy metals (ppm) in the breast meat of the broiler chickens was determined using an Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The findings were compared to the acceptable limits of international standards and the World Health Organization (WHO). Results: The present study's findings revealed that the HM concentration in broiler meat was significantly higher than the WHO's tolerable limits. No significant variations were recorded in Mercury concentration in the broiler chickens across all the zones. The Packed Cell Volume (PCV) for chicken from Ijaw zone was significantly higher (48.33), followed by chicken from Urhobo zone (44.78), both were significantly higher than the standard values for a normal healthy chicken, which ranged from 31.50 to 36.70, and the least PCV value was observed in Itsekiri zone (35.11) compared to other zones. Haemoglobin values were highest in the Isoko zone (16.96) and least in the Urhobo zone (12.25). The Red Blood Cell (RBC), Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH), and Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) values from all the groups in this study were significantly lower than the standard range of values for normal chickens, except for the MCH value of 34.60 in Isoko. Conclusion: Crude oil exploration activities significantly influenced the heavy metal concentration in broiler meat and certain haematological indices of chicken, and thus, chicken exposed to heavy metal contamination could be a risk factor for consumers.
An outbreak of Marek’s Disease in a Commercial Poultry Farm in Naththandiya, Sri Lanka: A Case Study
Introduction: Marek’s disease (MD) is a major threat to the poultry industry worldwide and significantly affects production and economic stability. In this context, an outbreak in a commercial poultry farm in Naththandiya, Sri Lanka, served as a crucial alarm to avian health management. The clinical signs found during this outbreak not only highlight the virulence of MD virus but also raise questions regarding the effectiveness of the current control measures. Case report: The outbreak was found in a commercial poultry farm with 4500 Brown Leghorn female chickens including 2500 of 14 weeks old chickens, and 2000 of 6 weeks old chickens in Naththandiya, which was characterized by marked mortalities of 15-20 chickens/day in elder chickens and 35-40 chickens/day in 6 weeks old chickens. The older chickens have been vaccinated with the oral Infectious Bursal Disease (IBD) vaccine at 3 weeks and 11 weeks of age and also with Fowl Pox vaccine at 8 weeks of age. The younger chickens have been given only IBD vaccine at 3 weeks of age. The outbreak showed a wide range of clinical signs, including swollen and closed eyes, nasal discharge, respiratory distress, and anorexia. The post-mortem examination revealed pathognomonic lesions such as grey-white foci of neoplastic tissue in the liver, lungs, and kidneys, enlargement of the sciatic nerve with loss of cross striations, visceral organ enlargement such as liver, kidney, and spleen which indicates the presence of MD virus along with secondary infections caused by Escherichia coli (E. coli). Histopathological examination and bacterial culture confirmed the MD and E. coli infections respectively. Conclusion: This outbreak highlights the importance of vigilant surveillance, proactive management, and continuous review of vaccination protocols to control the transmission of Marek’s disease effectively.
Copyright (c) 2024 Journal of World’s Poultry Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.), Onion (Allium cepa L.) Extracts and their Mixtures on White Leghorn Layers Performance and Blood Profile
Introduction: The consumer’s requirements for the highest quality animal products should be achieved by the application of appropriate health-safe animal diets. The study was conducted to evaluate the effects of rosemary and onion extracts on performances, and some hematological and serum biochemical parameters of White Leghorn. Materials and methods: One hundred twenty White Leghorn layers at 32 weeks of age were randomly allocated to four treatments each replicated three times with ten layers and one cock per replication and managed on a deep litter system for 70 days. The treatments were control group without any addition of feed additives (T1), basal diet supplemented with 4 milliliters of onion extract in water (T2), basal diet supplemented with 4 milliliters of rosemary extract in water (T3), and basal diet supplemented with 4 milliliters of onion and rosemary extract mixture in water (T4). The data on performance parameters such as feed intake, body weight change body weight gain, feed conversion ratio, egg production, egg mass, and serum biochemistry and hematology were evaluated. Results: The daily feed intake of chickens in T2 was significantly higher than the feed intake of chickens in T1, T3, and T4. There was no significant difference in packed cell volume percentage but there was a significant difference in total serum cholesterol in T1 compared to T4. Layers supplemented with onion extract had lower blood total cholesterol levels compared to other groups. Results revealed that the use of onion extract (T2) in drinking water recorded significantly higher daily feed intake, body weight change, and gain compared to other groups. Layers fed on onion blended with rosemary extract in drinking water recorded the highest feed conversion compared to T1, T2, and T3 treatments. Conclusion: The use of rosemary, onion extracts, and their mixtures in drinking water significantly influenced most of the studied hematological and serum biochemical parameters of White Leghorn layers except packed cell volume and serum albumin.
Effects of Dietary Supplementation of Probiotic and Synbiotic on Post-hatch Splenic Development in Broiler Chicken
Introduction: The use of antibiotics in poultry feed is becoming more prohibited globally, it is important to consider the potential of natural feed additives as antibiotic substitutes to support the development and operation of chickens' immune systems. The study aimed to assess the effect of probiotic and synbiotic supplementation in broiler feed on the post-hatch development of broiler spleen. Materials and methods: A total of 270-day-old broiler chickens of both sexes were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments each consisting of three replicates and each replicates had 30 chickens. The dietary treatments included the control group receiving a basal diet, the second group receiving a basal diet supplemented with probiotic (Pro.B® with 0.5 gm/Kg feed), and the third group receiving a basal diet supplemented with synbiotic (SynBac® with 1 gm/4-liter water). Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation in feed was started from day seven. Samples (n=15) were collected on the first day and every week until five weeks of age, and the biometry and histomorphometry parameters of the spleen in different groups were studied. Results: The biometrical values of spleen were higher at every age group in both probiotic- and synbiotic-treated broiler chickens compared to the control broilers, but significantly higher biometrical values were observed only in synbiotic-treated broiler chickens at five weeks of age compared to other groups. Regarding histomorphometry parameters, capsule thickness was insignificantly lower until day 28 and significantly lower at day 35 in both probiotic and synbiotic-treated broiler chickens compared to the control group. Moreover, the length and width of lymphatic nodules were higher in both probiotic and synbiotic-treated broiler chickens compared to the control broiler chickens. Remarkably, no significant differences were observed in the biometrical and histomorphometric parameters of the spleen between the probiotic and synbiotic-treated broiler chickens. Conclusion: Dietary inclusion of probiotics and synbiotics in broiler feed could improve the post-hatch growth of the spleen. However, the supplementation of both synbiotics, along with probiotics in the broiler diet had a profound influence on the post-hatch growth of the spleen which has been indicated by a significant increase in biometrical values.
Effects of Carica Papaya Leaves and Fermented Fish Waste on the Production Performance of Broiler Chickens
Introduction: Poultry feed management requires novel dietary additives to enhance chicken performance and manage feed availability. The present study investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of Carica papaya leaf meal (CPL) and fermented fish waste (FFW) in water on different growth indicators, such as body weight, carcass yield, feed intake, and conversion rate of Bovans brown male broiler chickens. Materials and methods: A randomized complete block design with a 2x4 factorial arrangement was used to study the effect of the combination supplementation of the 10% CPL with FW at 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15%. Both additives combination treatment was replicated four times with five broiler chicks per replication, a total of 160-day-old male Bovans brown broilers with 39-40g body weight were used in the current study. The duration of the study was 20 days (from the 16th to 35th days of age). Results: Studies have revealed that CPL negatively impacted the final body weight, whereas FFW positively influenced feed intake, final weight, and weight gain. Moreover, 15% of FFW supplementation resulted in noteworthy increases in drumstick and thigh weights compared to the control group, with significant interactions identified between CPL and FFW for breast, wing, and back weights. However, neither CPL nor FFW had an impact on the weights of edible visceral organs. The palatability of meat quality assessment showed no significant difference among the treatments. Adding CPL and FFW increased weights and profits, with the best rate of intake observed in broilers given the standard diet plus 15% of FFW supplementation. Conclusion: These results indicated that using CPL and FFW at 10% and 15%, respectively was a financially feasible approach to improve broiler development, carcass quality, and profitability while capitalizing on nutritional advantages and reducing environmental waste.
Effect of Incorporating Soursop (Annona muricata) Leaves Powder on Reproductive Performance of Japanese Quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica)
Introduction: Soursop leaves are rich in various molecules, including total phenols, terpenes, and steroids, which possess a range of pharmacological properties that can be utilized in animal production to enhance both growth and reproduction of animals. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of incorporating soursop (Annona muricata; A. muricata) leaves powder into feed on the reproductive performance of Japanese quail. Materials and methods: A total of 80 Japanese quails (64 females and 16 males) aged two weeks were randomly divided into four experimental groups, labeled T0, T1, T2, and T3, and received feed additives with 0 mg/kg body weight (bw), 250 mg/kg bw, 500 mg/kg bw, and 750 mg/kg bw of powdered soursop leaves, respectively. Additionally, water was provided ad libitum, and the quails' weights were measured every 7 days for a period of 75 days. At the end of the period, 12 female quails from each group were sacrificed after 24 hours fasting period. Blood was collected for hematological (Leukocyte, Erythrocyte, and Platelet indices) and serum biochemical (total serum cholesterol, total proteins, albumin, and globulin, Aspartate aminotransferase, Alanine aminotransferase, Urea, and Creatinine) analysis. The males were also sacrificed to evaluate the spermatozoa characteristics (mobility, concentration, and viability). Results: No statistical significant changes in growth characteristics or hematological parameters were observed. However, biochemical parameters increased significantly with the inclusion of Soursop (A. muricate) in quail feed, including increased total cholesterol, total protein, and globulin levels, and decreased malondialdehyde levels. This effect was most significant at dosage of 500 mg/kg bw. Serum levels of urea, Alanine aminotransferase, and Aspartate aminotransferase were not significantly affected by A. muricata whatever the concentration considered. A significant increase in fast progressive spermatozoa, along with a decrease in immotile spermatozoa, was observed with A. muricate at dosage of 500 mg/kg bw compared to the control. Sperm viability also increased significantly, particularly in live at dosage of 500 mg/kg bw. Significant increase was observed in fertility parameters, including increased fertility rate, hatchability rate of fertile eggs, total hatchability rate, and chick weight, along with decreased embryonic mortality at 500 mg/kg bw treatment compared to the control. Conclusion: In conclusion, the findings indicated that incorporating A. muricata leaf powder at 500 mg/kg bw into quail feed positively influences reproductive cells and boosts fertility growth promoters.
Preservative Effects of Ageratum conyzoides leaves essential oil on Farm-Mixed Poultry Feed
Introduction: The reduced susceptibility of microorganisms to synthetic preservatives and consumer's demand for high-quality, and minimally processed green-label foods urged researchers to focus more on natural preservatives. This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro and in sacco antifungal activities of Ageratum conyzoides leaves essential oil (EO) against Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Aspergillus terreus, and Penicillium spp. in poultry feed. Materials and methods: The poultry feed was stored for 30 days. The dilution plate method was then used to isolate the fungi present in the feed. The leaves of Ageratum conyzoides were collected and their EO was extracted using Steam distillations. The in vitro antifungal activity of EO (2.3; 3.4; 4.0; 4.5; 5.1 and 5.7; [µl/cm2]) was tested using the modified method, against the above fungi species during a 4-week of research. In sacco antifungal Screening of EO (5.7; 5.1; 4.5 and 4.0μl/Kg of feed) was done on poultry feed and kept for 10, 20, and 30 days. Results: The most frequently isolated fungi in poultry feed was Penicillium spp. (84.07%). The smallest in vitro colony diameters were recorded by Aspergillus niger with 4µl of EO. The highest level of fungi growth reductions was recorded at 2.3µl of EO. Following 20 days of storage, 4.0µl of EO/kg of feed was shown to completely (100%) inhibit Aspergillus niger and Aspergillus terreus in the Sacco research. At 30 days of storage, there was no contamination in poultry feed especially in aspects of Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergillus terreus. Penicillium sp. contamination in poultry feed decreased as the EO concentration increased. Conclusion: The results of the current study indicated that Ageratum conyzoides leaves essential oil at the level of 4.0µl of EO/kg of feed had the highest prevention effects on fungus growth.
Combined Effects of Dichrostachys glomerata (phytobiotic) with Graded Levels of Probiotics on the Production Performance of Japanese Quails
Introduction: The ban on the use of antibiotics as feed additives in livestock farming has led to the development of alternative products. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of combining phytobiotic (Dichrostachys glomerata) with a probiotic (Thepax®) on the growth performance of Japanese quails. Results: The findings indicated that quails fed on 0.6 ml probiotic / L of drinking water had the highest weight gain and the lowest feed conversion ratio. Combining phytobiotic with probiotics at 0.4 ml and 0.5 ml improved the apparent digestibility of crude protein and organic matter. Although the treatment did not significantly affect the carcass yields, the relative weight of the liver and pancreas were lowest with 0.4 ml probiotic. Haemato-biochemical parameters increased with higher levels of probiotics combined with 4 g of phytobiotics in the feed, leading to an increase in serum content in ALT and creatinine. Combining 4 g of the phytobiotic with 0.6 ml of probiotic resulted in a decrease in pathogens (Salmonella and E. coli) count in the gastrointestinal tract of quails. Conclusion: The combination of Dichrostachys glomerata (4g /kg feed) to a probiotic (0.6ml /L drinking water) improved feed conversion ratio and live weight gain while reducing the pathogenic microorganisms in the gastrointestinal tract of Japanese quails.
Effect of Phytate Enzyme Supplementation in Cooked Baobab Seed Meal Diets on Broiler Chickens’ Health and Nutrient Digestion
Introduction: Phytate poses a significant challenge in poultry nutrition due to its anti-nutritional properties. Phytate is one of the antinutritional factors that is considered harmful to broilers. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of incorporating phytase enzymes on the health of chickens and their ability to digest nutrients from the baobab seed meal. Materials and methods: A total of 240 broiler chickens of mixed sexes, averaging 980 grams in weight, were allocated to the four dietary treatment groups, each replicated four times, with 15 birds per replicate. Enzyme supplementation was administered at 0 and 200 ppm levels, while cooked baobab seed meal (CBSM) inclusion levels were set at 0 and 20%, respectively. Treatment 1 (T1) served as the negative control, containing zero enzyme and CBSM. Treatment 2 (T2) acted as the positive control, comprising 200 ppm of enzyme without CBSM. Treatment 3 (T3) contained 20% CBSM without enzyme supplementation, and Treatment 4 (T4) comprised 20% CBSM supplemented with 200 ppm of enzymes. Results: The results indicated that incorporating cooked CBSM into broiler diets at a 20% inclusion level led to an increase in crude protein content from 19.08% to 19.19% in finisher diets. Notably, supplementation with 200 ppm of phytase significantly enhanced total albumin levels (from 21.30 to 25.56 g/dl). Moreover, the interaction between phytase and CBSM resulted in elevated levels of total cholesterol (4.35 mmol/l), total albumin (26.62 g/dl), and Uric acid (295.95 µmol/l). However, the addition of CBSM led to decreased crude fiber digestibility (from 58.82% to 53.42%) and nitrogen-free extract (from 69.74% to 65.64%). The interaction between phytase and CBSM further diminished dry matter, ether extract, crude fiber, and nitrogen-free extract, particularly evident in the treatment group receiving 20% CBSM with 0 ppm of phytase. However, when the diet supplemented with 200 ppm of phytase, the interaction maintained statistically similar results throughout compared to T1 (0% CBSM + 0 ppm). Regarding microbial count, T4 exhibited lower levels of Escherichia coli and no detectable Shigella species. Conclusion: Twenty percent CBSM plus phytase enzyme supplementation resulted in the improvement of total cholesterol, total albumin, and Uric acid.
The Effects of Allium sativum on Growth Performance, Kidney and Liver Function Markers, Microbial Flora and Feed Digestibility in Broiler Chickens
Introduction: The global ban on antibiotics as a feed additive, prompted by concerns over microbial resistance and the accumulation of antibiotic residues in animal products, has urged researchers to explore natural alternatives. These alternatives modulate the gut microbiota and enhance animal production performance. This study aimed to assess the impact of Allium sativum on the production performance of broiler chickens. Materials and methods: A total of 280 day-old broiler chicks were examined for 42 days. After being sexed, they were randomly allocated into five groups, each consisting of 14 chicks, with four replications. The control group was fed on a ration without additives (R0-). The treatment groups consisted of a control diet supplemented with 1 g of antibiotic Doxycycline® per kg of basal diet and per liter of drinking water (R0+) and 5 g garlic per kg of basal feed and also per liter of drinking water (RAs), respectively. To facilitate the oral administration, the solution was absorbed by charcoal from the fruit stones of Canarium schweinfurthii at a rate of 100 g and 100 ml per kg of diet and per liter of drinking water, respectively. The investigated parameters included growth performance, microbial flora, markers of kidney, and liver function, and feed digestibility. Results: The results revealed Allium sativum significantly decreased feed intake, feed conversion ratio, serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and urea levels regardless of the administration mode in broiler chickens, compared to the negative control. When administered through both feed and drinking water, garlic significantly increased live weight, weight gain, and lactic acid bacteria count, compared to the negative control. Feeding garlic to broilers had insignificantly affected the digestibility of feed components irrespective of the administration mode. Conclusion: In conclusion, Allium sativum can effectively serve as a feed additive in broiler diets or drinking water, promoting growth performance without harming kidney and liver functions. The present findings help address concerns about antibiotic resistance and residues in poultry products.
Performance of Broiler Chickens Fed Different Cereal Based Diets Supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Introduction: Inefficient poultry production has been a serious challenge due to poor performance and scarcity of feed resources, which necessitate the exploration of alternatives. This study was conducted to assess the effect of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SC) as a supplemental protein and growth promoter in different cereal-based diets on growth performance, serum biochemistry, characteristics of digesta, and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens. Materials and methods: A total of 324 day-old broiler chickens, comprising of mix sexes with an average weight of 45.36 ± 0.73, were randomly assigned to nine treatments, each consisting of three replicates with 12 birds per replicate. Three diets were formulated, each incorporating maize, sorghum, and wheat. The diets varied in the SC inclusion at levels of 0%, 5%, and 0.2% oxytetracycline (used as a growth promoter). The inclusion of oxytetracycline was to simulate the practice of in-feed antibiotics growth promoter, whereas yeast served as supplemental protein and growth promoter. Titanium dioxide was included in the feed at 0.2% on day 21 of the experiment to help estimate nutrient digestibility. Results: Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly lower in the groups fed sorghum with and without yeast. The groups fed maize with SC and oxytetracycline had the lowest blood glucose. Maize and sorghum without SC had the highest pH values. Protein digestibility was the lowest in the group fed sorghum with SC and wheat without SC. Conclusion: Individual cereal diets performed competitively, supplementation of SC in different cereal-based diets did not influence their contribution and performance of the chickens. The inclusion of 5% SC reduced protein digestibility. Oxytetracycline yeast as a supplemental protein and growth promoter did not improve the performance of the chicks.
Effects of Graded Levels of Typha angustifolia Rhizomes on Intestinal Microflora, Immune System, and Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens
Introduction: The ability of growth-promoting antibiotics to accumulate in livestock products such as meat, eggs, and milk, and the antibiotic resistance conferred on bacteria has prompted researchers to turn to phyto-additives. The present study was designed to evaluate the potential of Typha angustifolia rhizome powder as an alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chicken. Materials and methods: For this purpose, 512 one-day-old chickens of the Cobb500 strain were randomly distributed in a completely randomized design of 8 treatments of 16 chicks replicated four times. Experimental rations consisted of incorporating into a control ration 1 g of Doxycycline® (0+), and 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 g of Typha angustifolia /kg of feed, respectively. Results: The main results revealed that feed intake was not significantly affected by the different treatments. Over the study period, supplementing chicken with 6 g of T. angustifolia/kg increased live weight and weight gain by about 6.72% and 6.82%, respectively, compared to the negative control. Similarly, this phyto-additive, at the incorporation rate of 6 g/kg, decreased the chicken feed conversion ratio by 12.83% compared to the control without additives. The 6 g of Typha angustifolia/kg of feed induced a significant increase in the weight, length, and density of the intestine as compared to the negative control ration. This phyto-additive, whatever the rate, significantly increased the number of lactic acid bacteria, and the digestibility of crude protein and dietary fiber compared to the negative control. Apart from the serum concentration of total cholesterol and high-density cholesterol, which increased significantly with 1 g of Typha angustifolia compared to the negative control, all the haemato-biochemical parameters were not significantly affected by this phyto-additive, whatever the incorporation rate. Conclusion: In the condition of the present study, it was concluded that 6 g of Typha angustifolia/kg of feed can be used as a substitute for antibiotics growth promoters in animal feed.
Copyright (c) 2023 Journal of World’s Poultry Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Effects of Faidherbia Albida (Del.) Chev. Torrefied Pods on the Zootechnical Performances of Laying Chickens
Introduction: The cost of poultry feed directly impacts production yield. The search for feed formulations based on less expensive products is, therefore, an alternative to improve the profits of producers. This study was conducted in Maradi at the Regional Center for Agronomic Research of the National Institute of Agronomic Research of Niger to assess the effect of roasted Faidherbia albida pods on the zootechnical performance of Isa Brown laying chickens. Materials and methods: A total of 200 Isa Brown laying chickens, aged 21 weeks, were randomly assigned to four feeding groups with five replicates each. The chickens were housed in a 5 m × 10 m building, with 10 chickens per replicate in blocks of 1.71 m². The building featured ventilation, natural lighting, and bedding made from peanut shells. Apart from the control feed (F0), the experimental feeds contained 5% (F5), 10% (F10), and 15% (F15) crushed pods of Faidherbia albida roasted at 110°C. Millet and wheat bran were the main energy sources, while fishmeal and groundnut cake provided protein. Water was provided ad libitum to all chickens. The feed was distributed over 2 months. Results: The results showed that feed ingestion increased significantly with F10 compared to the control, while consumption remained comparable among the control, F15, and F5 groups. The incorporation of roasted Faidherbia albida pods led to a significant decrease in the feed conversion ratio, with a significant difference among the treatments. The best feed conversion ratio was obtained with the F5 ration, followed by the F0 control. Conclusion: The inclusion of Faidherbia albida in the diet of chickens is beneficial for egg production. The optimal incorporation rate for roasted pods of Faidherbia albida was determined to be 10%.
The Major Histocompatibility Complex Region and Diversity of the Local Chicken Populations In Niger
Introduction: The major histocompatibility complex (MHC) of chicken is highly polymorphic, and it is linked to several disease resistance or susceptibility traits. Therefore, the current study aimed to analyze the genetic diversity in the MHC region of Nigerien local chicken (Dourgou, Goggori, Kolonto, Tchagara, Gouzou-gouzou, and Popular) using a high polymorphic microsatellite marker named LEI0258 to determine the diversity of chickens kept at the four agroecological zones in Niger. Materials and methods: A total of 601 chickens from six local Nigerien chickens were sampled. By capillary electrophoresis using LEI0258 marker, 403 samples with different fragment sizes were randomly chosen and sequenced. Results: The findings indicated 80 different alleles ranging in size from 181 to 474 bp. A total of 22 new alleles and 39 private alleles (that existed in only one breed) were detected. The alleles 309, 295, and 193 were the most predominant in the Nigerien local chicken population. Nine polymorphisms were observed along the LEI0258 sequence, including three in the upstream (one indel and two Single Nucleotide Polymorphism [SNP]), one in the repeat region at the last R12 (SNP), and five in the downstream (two indels and three SNPs). Conclusion: The chickens are not clustering according to their agroecological zone of origin. They are randomly distributed across the four investigated agroecological zones. The information found in this study is invaluable in breeding and conservation programs associated with several disease resistance or susceptibility traits.
Red Mite Infestation in Poultry: Morphology, Control and Prevention
Despite being an ectoparasite of birds, Dermanyssus gallinae (D. gallinae) has no specific host range. Without a natural host, the mite can feed on mammals, including humans, due to its lack of specificity. As a result of red mite infestations, poultry industry economies have been negatively affected, egg production has declined, and chickens’ welfare has been compromised. Several in vitro studies have demonstrated the effectiveness of diesel, petroleum, mineral, and plant oils (orange and rapeseed) in controlling poultry red mites. It is possible to develop vaccines against arthropods; however, this process takes a long time because of the complexity of the process and the possibility of inducing stronger and long-lasting immune responses in the host. This review paper aimed to comprehensively understand the morphology, the factors contributing to red mite infestation, and the life cycle. It also provided an overview of various methods for preventing and controlling the infestation of red mites in poultry farming, including several chemical and non-chemical approaches that can be used. Chemical interventions, such as acaricides, exhibit immediate efficacy in red mite control, but their long-term sustainability and potential resistance development are significant concerns. Non-chemical methods, including enhanced biosecurity measures and natural predators, demonstrate promise in reducing red mite populations, offering environmentally friendly alternatives with potential long-term benefits. In order to minimize the negative impact of red mites on poultry flocks, poultry producers must understand the biology of these parasites and implement effective management strategies.
Evaluation of Giardiasis in Companion Birds in Mashhad, Iran
Introduction: Giardia spp. are parasitic protozoans that infect the digestive system of ornamental birds, especially in Psittaciformes, with different prevalence in various species. Symptoms of Giardia infection vary from no noticeable signs in adult birds to poor growth, weakness, anorexia, ruffled feathers, and diarrhea in chicks. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of giardiasis in some parrots referred to a private veterinary clinic in Mashhad, Iran, during 2022. Case report: Feces of 215 birds suspected of being infected with Giardia spp. were collected. The birds were visited at one of the clinics in Mashhad, Iran, in 2022. Wet smear was prepared from their fresh feces and then sent to the laboratory department of the clinic for diagnosis. The parrots included adult cockatiels, cockatiel chicks, lovebirds, African grey parrots, and Green-cheeked parakeets. After the final diagnosis, metronidazole was administered orally at a dosage of 50 milligrams per kilogram of body weight every 12 hours for 5 consecutive days. Sick birds were tested again after the treatment to confirm they were parasite-free. The obtained results of the laboratory indicated 60 positive Cockatiels (47.6%), 10 positive cockatiel chicks (43.4%), 4 positive lovebirds (14.2%), 2 Green-cheeked parakeets (8.6%), and only 1 positive African grey parrot (6.6%). Among the positive cases, the severity of infection varied, with some birds showing severe, moderate, or mild infection levels. Upon a second examination, birds with mild and moderate contamination were found to be disease-free, while those with severe contamination required further treatment. Conclusion: The results suggested that treatment with metronidazole for 5 consecutive days was effective against mild to moderate infection in sick parrots. However, birds with severe conditions need to continue the treatment procedure.
The Role of Metallic Nanoparticles in the Prevention and Treatment of Parasitic Diseases in Poultry
The development of nanotechnology for the treatment of parasitic diseases is still in its infancy. However, it is expected that this new field can provide a solution to parasitic diseases and compensate for the lack of vaccines to prevent them. It can also provide new treatment options for parasitic diseases resistant to current treatments. Nanomaterials have been developed for antibacterial and anticancer therapies. However, it is important to determine their antiparasitic potential due to the wide variety of their physicochemical properties. When designing metallic nanoparticles (MeNPs) and specialized nanosystems like MeNPs encapsulated within a drug shell, it is essential to consider several key physicochemical properties. Shape, size, surface charge, and type of surfactant control are some of these physicochemical properties. In addition to interacting with parasite cells’ target molecules, shell molecules are also important. By developing antiparasitic drugs using nanotechnology and nanomaterials for diagnostics, new and effective methods of treatment and diagnostic tools for poultry diseases are expected to be available in the future to enhance poultry disease prevention and reduce morbidity and mortality rates.
Treatment of Infectious Coryza in Canaries: Antibiotic Sensitivity and Clinical Outcomes
Introduction: Infectious coryza (IC) is a respiratory disease that affects poultry and other avian species. It is caused by Avibacterium paragallinarum. Common clinical signs of IC include rhinitis, facial swelling, anorexia, and retarded growth in young poultry. Case report: This report delves into a specific outbreak of IC among a herd of 120 ornamental canaries in Iran in February 2021, where 15 canaries succumbed to the disease. The canaries indicated symptoms, such as swollen heads, closed eyes, severe sinusitis, weight loss, loss of appetite, and reduced ovulation. After the necropsy, a clumpy discharge in the eyes and sinuses and minor bleeding were observed in the trachea. Samples from the sinuses of dead canaries were taken to the laboratory (Mashhad, Iran), and it was determined that the bacteria responsible for the deaths belonged to the genus Avibacterium. Avibacterium spp. are slow-growing and require a specific factor, Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD), for growth. The antibacterial susceptibility of the bacteria was tested using 18 different antibiotics. Based on the results, fosfomycin and amikacin were selected for treatment. The birds were administered oral fosfomycin (160 milligrams per kilogram) and injection amikacin (10 milligrams per kilogram) for 7 consecutive days. However, a recurrence of symptoms was observed a week after the initial treatment (second outbreak), prompting a further 5 days of treatment. The isolate was completely sensitive to fosfomycin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, vancomycin, penicillin, amikacin, and furazolidone and the bacterium showed intermediate susceptibility to other antibiotics which tested. After 72 hours of treatment, casualties ceased, and clinical symptoms were reduced. Complete resolution of symptoms was observed within a week. In the second outbreak of the disease, no casualties occurred, and the symptoms vanished within 48 hours of initiating treatment. Conclusion: This case report underscored the infection of canaries flock by Avibacterium spp., which was sensitive to fosfomycin and amikacin in laboratory conditions, and and effectively facilitated the recovery of the infected birds in vivo. The antibiotic sensitivity test provided useful information for finding an effective treatment against bacterial infection, emphasizing the significance of collaborating with laboratories for optimal results. Furthermore, continuous monitoring of this isolate is imperative, as it may potentially play a role in upper respiratory disease outbreaks across diverse avian species.
Effects of Herbal Medicine in the Treatment of Poultry Coccidiosis
Poultry coccidiosis is a common and economically significant disease that affects poultry worldwide. Current treatment options for coccidiosis include using chemical agents such as ionophores and antiparasitic such as Metronidazole. However, there is growing interest in alternative treatments, such as herbal medicines, due to concerns about antiparasitic resistance and residues in poultry products. This review article aims to provide an overview of herbal medicines as potential treatments for poultry coccidiosis. The article summarizes the current research on herbal medicines for coccidiosis and highlights the potential benefits and limitations of using herbal medicines as an alternative to conventional treatments. The article explores the effectiveness of various herbal medicines in treating poultry coccidiosis, explaining how they work and presenting research findings on their efficacy. It also addresses challenges related to using herbal medicines, such as establishing standardized doses and conducting clinical trials. The review concludes by summarizing the main points and recommending further research on herbal medicines for poultry coccidiosis. Ultimately, the review underscores the potential of herbal medicines as alternative treatments and emphasizes the importance of continued investigation in this field.
Treatment of Avian Trichomoniasis by Tannin-based Herbal mixture (Artemisia Annua, Quercus infectoria, and Allium Sativum)
Introduction: Trichomonas gallinae (T. gallinae) infects numerous species of birds worldwide. Many antiprotozoal drugs have been utilized for therapeutic purposes. Herbal plants extracts do not result in drug resistance or tissue residue; therefore, they are a dependable and safe substitute for treating trichomoniasis. The current study, the antitrichomonal properties of three herbal plants (Quercus infectoria, Artemisia annua, and Allium sativum) were compared to those of metronidazole in pigeons. Materials and methods: In this experiment, 32 pigeons were used, each of which was divided into four groups with four replicates. All groups were experimentally infected with T. gallinae except for group D. Group A was treated with a herbal mixture (80% Quercus infectoria extract, 11% Artemisia annua extract, and 9% Allium sativum extract [standardized to 8% total tannic acid]; Coccyphyt-L®; Makian Dam Pars Science-Based Company), while Group B was given metronidazole. The positive control group C was experimentally infected but not treated with T. gallinae, while group D remained healthy throughout the experiment. The experiment consisted of a performance index, weight gain, wet mount, and biochemical and hematological examination. Results: Compared to metronidazole, the treatment with a herbal mixture significantly reduced the pathogenic effects of Trichomonas spp. After a week of treatment, chickens in group A were nearly healthy and, in some respects, superior to those in the metronidazole treatment group. Conclusion: In conclusion, the antiprotozoal properties of the aforementioned herbal mixture suggest its use as an alternative antitrichomonal agent to chemotherapeutic drugs in trichomoniasis treatment.
Copyright (c) 2022 Journal of World’s Poultry Science https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prevalence of Avian Gastric Yeast (Macrorhabdus ornithogaster) in Parrots and Parakeets: A Case Study
Introduction: The avian gastric yeast (Macrorhabdus ornithogaster) is a microorganism that infects aviary birds worldwide and can cause chronic wasting disease. Macrorhabdus ornithogaster, previously named Megabacter, infects a large group of companion birds, such as cockatiels, budgerigars, lovebirds, parrots, African gray parrots, and green-cheeked parakeets. The aim of the present case study was to evaluate the infection by Macrorhabdus ornithogaster in some companion birds and to show their prospects in the future. Case report: The investigated species included 145 cockatiels, gray parrots, lovebirds, green cheeks, and budgerigars with symptoms, such as lethargy, weight loss, regurgitation, and gasping when they were referred to the Aria Veterinary Hospital, Mashhad, Iran, during 2021-2022. The samples were randomly evaluated for gastric yeast (Megabacter) using the gram-staining method of their feces. The results revealed that almost half of the symptomatic cases showed active or non-active yeast in their slides. A 14-day treatment of nystatin, apple vinegar, and metronidazole was applied for all cases, and then gram-staining slides were tested after three weeks, showing that the treatment was successful. Conclusion: The results indicated that nystatin, apple vinegar, and metronidazole can be an effective treatment for gastric yeast in birds. The recurrence of infection was detected in several birds, suggesting food hygiene control.
Poultry Production Status, Major Constraints, and Future Prospective
Poultry production is a sector of livestock production to gain meat, egg, and other products from domesticated bird species, including chickens, ostriches, turkeys, ducks, and guinea fowls. Poultry production is different from country to country due to different economic activities, environmental situations, and cultural aspects of society. With this in mind, the current study aimed to review the literature to explore the current status of poultry production, highlight the constraints in poultry production, and predict the future of poultry production. In many societies, poultry plays an important socio-cultural role. Diseases, market problems, feed resources, lack of proper housing, predators, as well as social and cultural constraints are all obstacles to the future growth of the poultry industry. Despite the presence of a large chicken population in Ethiopia, contribution to the national economy or benefit exploited is very limited due to diseases, predators, and veterinary services. The main diseases affecting the chickens in Ethiopia include viral disease (Newcastle disease), gastrointestinal parasites, ectoparasites, aspergillosis, and different bacterial infections due to lack of biosecurity. In addition, chicken predators affecting poultry production in Ethiopia are wild mammals locally called ama, cats, and birds (vultures). However, the poultry production system has a bright future since different local and international humanitarian organizations have recognized that addressing this sector will benefit the poorest and most disadvantaged people in developing nations. With the need to increase animal protein sources in the world, there is general agreement that these areas are going to witness further expansion in the current decades. Therefore, it is recommended to increase productivity through improvements in health, management, and control of predators.
The Study on Prevalence of Gastrointestinal Helminths (Cestodes, Nematodes, and Trematodes) in Chickens, Dalomana District, Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia
Introduction: Gastrointestinal tract helminthiasis of poultry is a parasitic infection of gastrointestinal parts of poultry by macroparasite which is classified as a tapeworm (cestodes), roundworm (nematodes), and flukeworm (trematodes). Cestodes and nematodes are the common intestinal helminthic infections in local chickens leading to high nutritional and economic loss to the poor farmers of rural areas. Thus, the current study aimed to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal helminth parasites and identify the parasite species that infect local breed chickens in the study area. Materials and methods: This cross-sectional study on gastrointestinal helminths was conducted on 144 local breeds of chickens raised under a traditional management system in seven kebeles located around Dalomana town of Bale zone, Ethiopia. Results: Of these chickens, 131 (91%) were infected with one of the five different helminth parasites and 13 (9%) were free of helminth parasites. The results of the current study indicated that 131 (91%) and 107 (74.3%) of the examined chickens were invariably infected by diverse species of cestodes and nematodes species, respectively. The major cestode species recovered from chickens were Raillietina echinobothrida (75.5%), Raillietina tetragona (73.6%), Davainea proglottina (11.1%). The major nematode species encountered were Heterakis gallinarum (37.5%), Ascaridia galli (35.4%), Capillaria anatis (6.9%), Capillaria obsignata (5.6%), and Capillaria annulata (4.9%). Regarding the prevalence of these parasites in relation to age, sex, and kebele, no significant difference was indicated. Conclusion: The findings of the current study strongly suggested that helminthiasis is a very serious problem of backyard chickens in Dalomana district, Bale zone of Oromia, and appropriate control strategies need to be devised.
The in-vitro Antibiotic Sensitivity Test of Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Layer and Breeder Chickens
The current study aimed to characterize Pasteurella multocida (P. multocida) isolates from layers and breeder chickens in Egypt regarding in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity and resistance pattern. In doing so, spleen, liver, lungs, and heart, were taken aseptically from chickens suffering from a drop in egg production, septicemia, respiratory manifestations, and mortalities between 2016 and 2017. To isolate bacteria, samples were grown on a modified Das medium. Moreover, microscopic appearance and biochemical characteristics were used to identify pure colonies of P. multocida isolates. In the next step, in-vitro antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed on the isolated P. multocida. The findings indicated that P. multocida was found in 36 isolates out of 330 investigated chicken flocks. Small glistering, mucoid, grayish, and dew drop P. multocida colonies were discovered during the culture analysis. Pasteurella multocida isolates were Gram-negative coccobacilli using the microscope. Catalase, indole generation, H2S production, nitrate reduction, and oxidase tests were all positive for the sample; however, methyl red, urease activity, Voge's proskaur, and gelatin liquefaction tests were all negative. They also fermented glucose, mannose, fructose, sucrose, mannitol, xylose, and sorbitol without producing gas but not lactose, arabinose, maltose, inositol, salicin, raffinose, or dulcitol. Isolated P. multocida strains were sensitive to tetracycline, erythromycin, trimethoprim/sulphamethoxazole, norfloxacin, ofloxacin, penicillin, chloramphenicol, and azithromycin, while resistant to ampicillin and clindamycin. Cefoperazone, gentamycin, and streptomycin all showed intermediate sensitivity.
Methionine in Poultry Nutrition: A Review
Methionine is an essential amino acid which is commonly used as a supplement in poultry diets. Multiple systems are involved in the absorption and transportation of liquid and powder Methionine in the segment of the jejunum. Methionine supplementation in a low-protein diet alleviates the negative effects of heat stress and improves the performance of chickens. The supplementation of the synthetic Methionine improves the amino acid balance and consequently promotes growth performance by enhancing quantity and quality of egg production, feed efficiency, and protein synthesis, as well as decreasing fat synthesis in poultry breeds (Broiler Chicken, Laying hen, Turkey, Duck, Guinea fowl, Quail breeder, and Gees). Methionine supplementation also improves the immune response through the direct effects on protein synthesis and breakdown and indirect effects on the derivatives of Methionine. The variables, such as growing period, type of production, sex, and breed, influence the Methionine requirement. Moreover, the Methionine requirement expressed as a percentage of diet declines during the starter and grower phases.